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Milfoil is a lovely-looking aquatic plant with feathery underwater foliage and above-surface flowers. Slender stems beneath the water's surface are whorled with feathery, thread-like leaves. The flowers that are produced above the water's surface are tiny, located in the floral bract axils, and may be four-petaled or without petals. The fruits that this milfoil produces are four-jointed and resemble nuts.
There is a type of non-native milfoil in the United States and Canada today that first began arriving in North America as early as the 1890s and was definitely taking hold by the 1940s. One of the main reasons this non-native milfoil got imported was via its commercial use in aquariums because it is so nice-looking. It's important to understand that such non-North American milfoil exists because, without benefit of seeing its unique flowers and fruits, it is virtually indistinguishable from native milfoil, even to the well-trained eye, although the non-native milfoil can sometimes be distinguished by the additional fact that it has from nine to 21 pairs of leaflets per leaf, while that native to North America has from seven to 11 pairs of leaflets.
Today, this non-native milfoil, which is sometimes referred to as "spiked milfoil", is found in many lakes, streams, rivers, and ponds throughout Washington, Oregon, California, Idaho, Nevada, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Michigan, Ohio, New York, New Hampshire, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and even in the more southerly states of Virginia and Tennessee. It is also found throughout Canada with probably the heaviest concentrations in central British Columbia.
The great problems caused by this spiked milfoil is that, as an adaptation to the fact that its seeds germinate poorly under natural conditions, it mainly propagates vegetatively via fragmentation, so that it can be dispersed throughout long distances. After fruiting in the Summer and producing fragmented shoots, the milfoil is easily dispersed downstream by water currents, boaters, motors, bilges, bait buckets, trailers, and live wells, or bait buckets. As long as it is kept moist it will stay alive for weeks. It is a highly opportunistic species that is very well adapted to rapid growth in cold early Spring water bodies in Northern climes.
After establishing itself, milfoil will reproduce via shoot fragments and stolons, which are runners creeping along a water body's bed. These stolons as well as the plant's lower stems roots persist through the Winter months while storing up the carbohydrates that help the plant to take control of the water column early in the Spring, photosynthesize, and divide, Spiked milfoil them forms a dense leaf canopy, shading out the native aquatic plants, and often resulting in the milfoil creating its own monotypic stands. These stands allow for only a single habitat, thus threatening the integrity of the native aquatic environments. These threats include the fact that dense stands of spiked milfoil disrupt predator-prey relationships as the larger fish are prevented from navigating the waters and the fact that with less diversity of nutrient-rich native flora species there is less food available for waterfowl.
In time, there can also be algal blooms that "pollute" the waters, and recreational uses of the waters by humans are also disrupted by the thick monotypic stands of the spiked milfoil. Steps need to be and in many areas are being taken to reduce or eliminate spiked milfoil from North American fresh waters.
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How To Control Milfoil - Eurasian Water Milfoil Killer herbicide & chemicals kill lake weeds | |
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| Science & Technology | Upload TimePublished on 10 Sep 2009 |
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